[Federal Register: December 6, 2005 (Volume 70, Number 233)][Notices] [Page 72659-72665]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr06de05-65]
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DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
[V-04-2]
International Chimney Corporation, Karrena International, LLC,
and Matrix Service Industrial Contractors, Inc.; Grant of a Permanent
Variance
AGENCY: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
Department of Labor.
ACTION: Notice of a grant of a permanent variance.
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SUMMARY: This notice announces the grant of a permanent variance to
International Chimney Corporation, Karrena International, LLC, and
Matrix Service Industrial Contractors, Inc. (``the employers''). The
permanent variance addresses the provision that regulates the tackle
used for boatswains' chairs (Sec. 1926.452 (o)(3)), as well as the
provisions specified for personnel hoists by paragraphs (c)(1) through
(c)(4), (c)(8), (c)(13), (c)(14)(i), and (c)(16) of Sec. 1926.552.
Instead of complying with these provisions, the employers must comply
with a number of alternative conditions listed in this grant; these
alternative conditions regulate rope-guided personnel-hoisting systems
used during inside or outside chimney construction to raise or lower
employees in personnel cages, personnel platforms, and boatswains'
chairs between the bottom landing of a chimney and an elevated work
location. Accordingly, OSHA finds that these alternative conditions
protect employees at least as well as the requirements specified by
Sec. 1926.452(o)(3) and Sec. 1926.552(c)(1) through (c)(4), (c)(8),
(c)(13), (c)(14)(i), and (c)(16).
DATES: The effective date of the permanent variance is December 6,
2005.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: For information about this notice contact Ms.
MaryAnn S. Garrahan, Director, Office of Technical Programs and
Coordination Activities, Room N-3655, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor,
200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210; telephone (202)
693-2110; fax (202) 693-1644. You may obtain additional copies of this
notice from the Office of Publications, Room N-3101, OSHA, U.S.
Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC
20210; telephone (202) 693-1888. For electronic copies of this notice,
contact the Agency on its Webpage at http://www.osha.gov, and select
``Federal Register,'' ``Date of Publication,'' and then ``2005.''
Additional information also is available from the following OSHA
Regional Offices:
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, JFK Federal Building, Room E340,
Boston, MA 02203, telephone: (617) 565-9860; fax: (617) 565-9827
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, 201 Varick St., Room 670, New York, NY
10014, telephone: (212) 337-2378; fax: (212) 337-2371
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, Curtis Building, Suite 740 West, 170
South Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309, telephone:
(215) 861-4900; fax: (215) 861-4904
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, Sam Nunn Atlanta Federal Center, 61
Forsyth St., SW., Room 6T50, Atlanta, GA 30303, telephone: (404) 562-
2300; fax: (404) 562-2295
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, 230 South Dearborn St., Room 3244,
Chicago, IL 60604, telephone: (312) 353-2220; fax: (312) 353-7774
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, 525 South Griffith St., Suite 602,
Dallas, TX 75202, telephone: (214) 767-4736; fax: (214) 767-4760
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, City Center Square, 1100 Main St.,
Suite 800, Kansas City, MO 64105, telephone: (816) 426-5861; fax: (816)
426-2750
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA; Overnight: 1999 Broadway, Suite 1690,
Denver, CO 80201-6550; Mail: P.O. Box 46550, Denver, CO 80201-6550,
telephone: (720) 264-6550; fax: (720) 264-6585
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, 71 Stevenson St., Room 420, San
Francisco, CA 94105, telephone: (415) 975-4310; fax: (415) 744-4319
U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, 1111 Third Ave., Suite 715, Seattle, WA
98101-3212, telephone: (206) 553-5930; fax: (206) 553-6499
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
In the past 30 years, a number of chimney-construction companies
have demonstrated to OSHA that several personnel-hoist requirements
(i.e., paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(2), (c)(3), (c)(4), (c)(8), (c)(13),
(c)(14)(i), and (c)(16) of Sec. 1926.552), as well as the tackle
requirements for boatswains' chairs (i.e., paragraph (o)(3) of Sec.
1926.452), result in access problems that pose a serious danger to
their employees. These companies requested permanent variances from
these requirements, and proposed alternative equipment and procedures
to protect employees while being transported to and from their elevated
worksites during construction and repair work inside and outside
chimneys. The Agency subsequently granted these companies permanent
variances based on the proposed alternatives (see 38 FR 8545 (April 3,
1973), 44 FR 51352 (August 31, 1979), 50 FR 40627 (October 4, 1985), 52
FR 22552 (June 12, 1987), and 68 FR 52961 (September 8, 2003)).\1\
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\1\ Zurn Industries, Inc. received two permanent variances from
OSHA. The first variance, granted on May 14, 1985 (50 FR 20145),
addressed the boatswains'-chair provision (then in paragraph (l)(5)
of Sec. 1926.451), as well as the hoist-platform requirements of
paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(2), (c)(3), and (c)(14)(i) of Sec. 1926.552.
The second variance, granted on June 12, 1987 (52 FR 22552),
includes these same paragraphs, as well as paragraphs (c)(4),
(c)(8), (c)(13), and (c)(16) of Sec. 1926.552.
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On September 15, 2004, International Chimney Corporation, and
Karrena International, LLC, and on January 10, 2005, Matrix Service
Industrial Contractors, Inc., respectively, applied for a permanent
variance from the same personnel-hoist and boatswains'-chair
requirements as the previous companies, and proposed as an alternative
to these requirements the same equipment and procedures approved by
OSHA in the earlier variances. The Agency published their variance
application in the Federal Register on April 21, 2005 (70 FR 20773).
OSHA received no hearing requests or comments in response to this
Federal Register notice. However, States and Territories having OSHA-
approved safety and health programs (``State-Plan States and
Territories'') have commented on earlier variance applications
involving the same standards submitted by other employers engaged in
chimney construction and repair. OSHA is relying on these previous
comments to determine the position of these State-Plan States and
Territories on the variance application submitted by the present
employers (see section V (``Multi-State Variance'') of this notice for
a discussion of these comments).
International Chimney Corporation, Karrena International, LLC, and
Matrix Service Industrial Contractors, Inc. (``the employers'')
construct, remodel, repair, maintain, inspect, and demolish tall
chimneys made of reinforced concrete, brick, and steel. This work,
which occurs throughout the United States, requires the employers to
transport employees and construction material to and from elevated work
platforms and scaffolds located, respectively, inside and outside
tapered chimneys. While tapering contributes to the stability of a
chimney, it necessitates frequent relocation of, and adjustments to,
the work platforms and scaffolds so that they will fit the decreasing
circumference of the chimney as construction progresses upwards.
To transport employees to various heights inside and outside a
chimney, the employers proposed in their variance application to use a
hoist system that lifts and lowers personnel-transport devices that
include personnel cages, personnel platforms, or boatswains' chairs. In
this regard, the employers proposed to use personnel cages, personnel
platforms, or boatswains' chairs solely to transport employees with the
tools and materials necessary to do their work, and not to transport
only materials or tools on these devices in the absence of employees.
In addition, the employers proposed to attach a hopper or concrete
bucket to the hoist system to raise or lower material inside or outside
a chimney.
The employers also proposed to use a hoist engine, located and
controlled outside the chimney, to power the hoist system. The proposed
system consisted of a wire rope that: Spools off the winding drum (also
known as the hoist drum or rope drum) into the interior of the chimney;
passes to a footblock that redirects the rope from the horizontal to
the vertical planes; goes from the footblock through the overhead
sheaves above the elevated platform; and finally drops to the bottom
landing of the chimney where it connects to a personnel- or material-
transport device. The cathead, which is a superstructure at the top of
a derrick, supports the overhead sheaves. The overhead sheaves (and the
vertical span of the hoist system) move upward with the derrick as
chimney construction progresses. Two guide cables, suspended from the
cathead, eliminate swaying and rotation of the load. If the hoist rope
breaks, safety clamps activate and grip the guide cables to prevent the
load from falling. The employers proposed to use a headache ball,
located on the hoist rope directly above the load, to counterbalance
the rope's weight between the cathead sheaves and the footblock.
Additional conditions that the employers proposed to follow to
improve employee safety included:
Attaching the wire rope to the personnel cage using a
keyed-screwpin shackle or positive-locking link;
Adding limit switches to the hoist system to prevent
overtravel by the personnel- or material-transport devices;
Providing the safety factors and other precautions
required for personnel hoists specified by the pertinent provisions of
Sec. 1926.552(c), including canopies and shields to protect employees
located in a personnel cage from material that may fall during hoisting
and other overhead activities;
Providing falling-object protection for scaffold platforms
as specified by Sec. 1926.451(h)(1);
Conducting tests and inspections of the hoist system as
required by Sec. Sec. 1926.20(b)(2) and 1926.552(c)(15);
Establishing an accident-prevention program that conforms
to Sec. 1926.20(b)(3);
Ensuring that each employee who uses a personnel platform
or boatswains' chair wears a full body harness and lanyard, and that
the lanyard is attached to the lifeline during the entire period of
vertical transit; and
Securing the lifelines (used with a personnel platform or
boatswains' chair) to the rigging at the top of the chimney and to a
weight at the bottom of the chimney to provide maximum stability to the
lifelines.
II. Proposed Variance From Sec. 1926.452(o)(3)
The employers noted in their variance request that it is necessary,
on occasion, to use a boatswains' chair to transport employees to and
from a bracket scaffold on the outside of an existing chimney during
flue installation or repair work, or to transport them to and from an
elevated scaffold located inside a chimney that has a small or tapering
diameter. Paragraph (o)(3) of Sec. 1926.452, which regulates the
tackle used to rig a boatswains' chair, states that this tackle must
``consist of correct size ball bearings or bushed blocks containing
safety hooks and properly `eye-spliced' minimum five-eighth (\5/8\)
inch diameter first-grade manila rope [or equivalent rope].''
The primary purpose of this paragraph is to allow an employee to
safely control the ascent, descent, and stopping locations of the
boatswains' chair. However, the employers stated in their variance
request that, because of space limitations, the required tackle is
difficult or impossible to operate on some chimneys that are over 200
feet tall. Therefore, as an alternative to complying with the tackle
requirements specified by Sec. 1926.452(o)(3), the employers proposed
to use the hoisting system described above in section I
(``Background'') of this notice to raise or lower employees in a
personnel cage to work locations both inside and outside a chimney. In
addition, the employers proposed to use a personnel cage for this
purpose to the extent that adequate space is available, and to use a
personnel platform, when using a personnel cage was infeasible because
of limited space. When available space makes using a personnel platform
infeasible, the employers proposed to use a boatswains' chair to lift
employees to work locations. The proposed variance limited use of the
boatswains' chair to elevations above the last work location that the
personnel platform can reach; under these conditions, the employers
proposed to attach the boatswains' chair directly to the hoisting cable
only when the structural arrangement precludes the safe use of the block
and tackle required by Sec. 1926.452(o)(3).
III. Proposed Variance From Sec. 1926.552(c)
Paragraph (c) of Sec. 1926.552 specifies the requirements for
enclosed hoisting systems used to transport employees from one
elevation to another. This paragraph ensures that employers transport
employees safely to and from elevated work platforms by mechanical
means during the construction, alteration, repair, maintenance, or
demolition of structures such as chimneys. However, this standard does
not provide specific safety requirements for hoisting employees to and
from elevated work platforms and scaffolds in tapered chimneys; the
tapered design requires frequent relocation of, and adjustment to, the
work platforms and scaffolds. The space in a small-diameter or tapered
chimney is not large enough or configured so that it can accommodate an
enclosed hoist tower. Moreover, using an enclosed hoist tower for
outside operations exposes employees to additional fall hazards because
they need to install extra bridging and bracing to support a walkway
between the hoist tower and the tapered chimney.
Paragraph (c)(1) of Sec. 1926.552 requires the employers to
enclose hoist towers located outside a chimney on the side or sides
used for entrance to, and exit from, the chimney; these enclosures must
extend the full height of the hoist tower. The employers asserted in
their proposed variance that it is impractical and hazardous to locate
a hoist tower outside tapered chimneys because it becomes increasingly
difficult, as a chimney rises, to erect, guy, and brace a hoist tower;
under these conditions, access from the hoist tower to the chimney or
to the movable scaffolds used in constructing the chimney exposes
employees to a serious fall hazard. Additionally, they noted that the
requirement to extend the enclosures 10 feet above the outside
scaffolds often exposes the employees involved in building these
extensions to dangerous wind conditions.
Paragraph (c)(2) of Sec. 1926.552 requires that employers enclose
all four sides of a hoist tower even when the tower is located inside a
chimney; the enclosure must extend the full height of the tower. In the
proposed variance, the employers contended that it is hazardous for
employees to erect and brace a hoist tower inside a chimney, especially
small-diameter or tapered chimneys or chimneys with sublevels, because
these structures have limited space and cannot accommodate hoist
towers; space limitations result from chimney design (e.g., tapering),
as well as reinforced steel projecting into the chimney from formwork
that is near the work location.
As an alternative to complying with the hoist-tower requirements of
paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of Sec. 1926.552, the employers proposed
to use the rope-guided hoist system discussed in section I
(``Background'') of this notice to transport employees to and from work
locations inside and outside chimneys. They claimed that this hoist
system would make it unnecessary for them to comply with other
provisions of Sec. 1926.552(c) that specify requirements for hoist
towers, including:
(c)(3)--Anchoring the hoist tower to a structure;
(c)(4)--Hoistway doors or gates;
(c)(8)--Electrically interlocking entrance doors or gates
that prevent hoist movement when the doors or gates are open;
(c)(13)--Emergency stop switch located in the car;
(c)(14)(i)--Using a minimum of two wire ropes for drum-
type hoisting; and
(c)(16)--Construction specifications for personnel hoists,
including materials, assembly, structural integrity, and safety
devices.
The employers asserted that the proposed hoisting system protected
employees at least as effectively as the personnel-hoist requirements
of Sec. 1926.552(c).
IV. Comments on the Proposed Variance
OSHA received no hearing requests or comments in response to the
proposed variance that it published in the April 21, 2005, Federal
Register.
V. Multi-State Variance
The variance application stated that the employers perform chimney
work in a number of geographic locations in the United States, some of
which could include locations in one or more of the States and
Territories that operate OSHA-approved safety and health programs under
section 18 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (``State-
Plan States and Territories''; see 29 U.S.C. 651 et seq.). State-Plan
States and Territories have primary enforcement responsibility over the
work performed in those States and Territories. Under the provisions of
29 CFR 1952.9 (``Variances affecting multi-state employers'') and 29
CFR 1905.14(b)(3) (``Actions on applications''), a permanent variance
granted by the Agency becomes effective in State-Plan States and
Territories as an authoritative interpretation of the applicants'
compliance obligation when: (1) The relevant standards are the same as
the Federal OSHA standards from which the applicants are seeking the
permanent variance; and (2) the State-Plan State or Territory does not
object to the terms of the variance application.
OSHA requested comments on this application from each of the State-
Plan States and Territories. The Agency noted in its request that,
absent any comment, it would assume that the State or Territory's
position regarding this variance application was the same as the
position it took on two previous variance applications.\2\ As noted
above under section I (``Background''), OSHA received no comments from
the State-Plan States and Territories to this variance application,
indicating that they continue to endorse their previous positions
regarding the alternative conditions proposed under this variance
application. The following paragraphs provide a summary of the
positions previously taken by the State-Plan States and Territories on
these alternative conditions.
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\2\ The two previous variance applications were from (1)
American Boiler and Chimney Co. and Oak Park Chimney Corp. (68 FR
52961, September 8, 2003), and (2) Alberici Mid-Atlantic, LLC,
Commonwealth Dynamics, Inc., and R and P Industrial Chimney Co.,
Inc. (69 FR 48754, August 10, 2004).
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Alaska, Arizona, Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico,
North Carolina, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and
Wyoming reported that their standards are identical to the Federal
standards, and that they agreed to accept the alternative conditions.
Although Kentucky is in agreement with the terms of the variance,
affected employers will have to apply to the State for a State variance
until such time as a pending regulatory revision is completed. South
Carolina also agreed to accept the alternative conditions, although the
employers must file with the South Carolina Commissioner of Labor the
final order granted by the Secretary of Labor. Utah agreed to accept
the Federal variance, but requires the employers to contact the
Occupational Safety and Health Division, Labor Commission of Utah,
regarding a procedural formality that must be completed before
implementing the variance in that State. Michigan agreed with the
alternative conditions, but noted that its standards are not identical
to the OSHA standards covered by the variance application. Therefore,
Michigan cautioned that, should the employers elect to apply the variance
in Michigan, they must comply with several provisions in the Michigan
standards that are not addressed in the OSHA standard.
California, Iowa, Hawaii, and Washington have standards that either
differ from the Federal standards or did not agree to the alternative
conditions proposed in the variance application, and would not permit
the employers to implement in their States any variance resulting from
this application without further application to the State. The OSHA-
approved safety and health programs for Connecticut, New Jersey, New
York, and the Virgin Islands cover only public-sector (i.e., State and
local government) employment; therefore, in these State-Plan States,
the authority to cover private-sector employers under the variance
continues to reside with Federal OSHA.
VI. Decision
International Chimney Corporation, Karrena International, LLC, and
Matrix Service Industrial Contractors, Inc., seek a permanent variance
from the provision that regulates the tackle used for boatswains'
chairs (Sec. 1926.452 (o)(3)), as well as the provisions specified for
personnel hoists by paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(4), (c)(8), (c)(13),
(c)(14)(i), and (c)(16) of Sec. 1926.552. Paragraph (o)(3) of Sec.
1926.452 states that the tackle used for boatswains' chairs must
``consist of correct size ball bearings or bushed blocks containing
safety hooks and properly `eye-spliced' minimum five-eighth (\5/8\)
inch diameter first-grade manila rope [or equivalent rope].'' The
primary purpose of this provision is to allow an employee to safely
control the ascent, descent, and stopping locations of the boatswains'
chair. The proposed alternative to these requirements allows the
employer to use a boatswains' chair to lift employees to work locations
inside and outside a chimney when both a personnel cage and a personnel
platform are infeasible. The employers proposed to attach the
boatswains' chair to the hoisting system described as an alternative
for paragraph (c) of Sec. 1926.552.
Paragraph (c) of Sec. 1926.552 specifies the requirements for
enclosed hoisting systems used to transport personnel from one
elevation to another. This paragraph ensures that employers transport
employees safely to and from elevated work platforms by mechanical
means during construction work involving structures such as chimneys.
In this regard, paragraph (c)(1) of Sec. 1926.552 requires employers
to enclose hoist towers located outside a chimney on the side or sides
used for entrance to, and exit from, the structure; these enclosures
must extend the full height of the hoist tower. Under the requirements
of paragraph (c)(2) of Sec. 1926.552, employers must enclose all four
sides of a hoist tower located inside a chimney; these enclosures also
must extend the full height of the tower.
As an alternative to complying with the hoist-tower requirements of
Sec. 1926.552(c)(1) and (c)(2), the employers proposed to use a rope-
guided hoist system to transport employees to and from elevated work
locations inside and outside chimneys. The proposed hoist system
includes a hoist machine, cage, safety cables, and safety measures such
as limit switches to prevent overrun of the cage at the top and bottom
landings, and safety clamps that grip the safety cables if the main
hoist line fails. To transport employees to and from elevated work
locations, the employers proposed to attach a personnel cage to the
hoist system. However, when they can demonstrate that adequate space is
not available for the cage, they may use a personnel platform above the
last worksite that the cage can reach. Further, when the employers show
that space limitations make it infeasible to use a work platform for
transporting employees, they have proposed to use a boatswains' chair
above the last worksite serviced by the personnel platform. Using the
proposed hoist system as an alternative to the hoist-tower requirements
of Sec. 1926.552(c)(1) and (c)(2) eliminates the need to comply with
the other provisions of Sec. 1926.552(c) that specify requirements for
hoist towers. Accordingly, the employers have requested a permanent
variance from these and related provisions (i.e., paragraphs (c)(3),
(c)(4), (c)(8), (c)(13), (c)(14)(i), and (c)(16)).
After thoroughly reviewing the variance application, as well as
earlier comments made by State-Plan States and Territories in response
to two previous variance applications proposing the same alternative
conditions, OSHA has made only minor editorial amendments and technical
corrections to the proposed variance. Therefore, under Section 6(d) of
the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 655), and
based on the record discussed above, the Agency finds that when the
employers comply with the conditions of the following order, their
employees will be exposed to working conditions that are at least as
safe and healthful as they would be if the employers complied with
paragraph (o)(3) of Sec. 1926.452, and paragraphs (c)(1) through
(c)(4), (c)(8), (c)(13), (c)(14)(i), and (c)(16) of Sec. 1926.552.
This decision also is an authoritative interpretation of the employers'
compliance obligations in the following 18 State-Plan States and
Territories with OSHA-approved safety and health programs covering the
private sector: Alaska, Arizona, Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada,
New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Tennessee, Virginia,
Vermont, and Wyoming, and in Kentucky, Michigan, South Carolina, and
Utah when the employers meet specified conditions.
VII. Order
OSHA issues this order authorizing International Chimney
Corporation, Karrena International, LLC, and Matrix Service Industrial
Contractors, Inc. (``the employers'') to comply with the following
conditions instead of complying with paragraph (o)(3) of Sec. 1926.452
and paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(4), (c)(8), (c)(13), (c)(14)(i), and
(c)(16) of Sec. 1926.552:
1. Scope of the Permanent Variance
(a) This permanent variance applies only when the employers use a
rope-guided hoist system during inside or outside chimney construction
to raise or lower their employees between the bottom landing of a
chimney and an elevated work location on the inside or outside surface
of the chimney.
(b) Except for the requirements specified by Sec. 1926.452 (o)(3)
and Sec. 1926.552(c)(1) through (c)(4), (c)(8), (c)(13), (c)(14)(i),
and (c)(16), the employers must comply fully with all other applicable
provisions of 29 CFR parts 1910 and 1926.
2. Replacing a Personnel Cage With a Personnel Platform or a
Boatswains' Chair
(a) Personnel platform. When the employers demonstrate that
available space makes a personnel cage for transporting employees
infeasible, they may replace the personnel cage with a personnel
platform when they limit use of the personnel platform to elevations
above the last work location that the personnel cage can reach.
(b) Boatswains' chair. When the employers demonstrate that
available space makes a personnel platform for transporting employees
infeasible, they may replace the personnel platform with a boatswains'
chair when they limit use of the boatswains' chair to elevations above
the last work location that the personnel platform can reach.
3. Qualified Competent Person
(a) The employers must:
(i) Provide a qualified competent person, as specified in
paragraphs (f) and (m) of Sec. 1926.32, who is responsible for
ensuring that the design, maintenance, and inspection of the hoist
system comply with the conditions of this grant and with the
appropriate requirements of 29 CFR part 1926 (``Safety and Health
Regulations for Construction''); and
(ii) Ensure that the qualified competent person is present at
ground level to assist in an emergency whenever the hoist system is
raising or lowering employees.
(b) The employers must use a qualified competent person to design
and maintain the cathead described under Condition 8 (``Cathead and
Sheave'') below.
4. Hoist Machine
(a) Type of hoist. The employers must designate the hoist machine
as a portable personnel hoist.
(b) Raising or lowering a transport. The employers must ensure
that:
(i) The hoist machine includes a base-mounted drum hoist designed
to control line speed; and
(ii) Whenever they raise or lower a personnel or material hoist
(e.g., a personnel cage, personnel platform, boatswains' chair, hopper,
concrete bucket) using the hoist system:
(A) The drive components are engaged continuously when an empty or
occupied transport is being lowered (i.e., no ``freewheeling'');
(B) The drive system is interconnected, on a continuous basis,
through a torque converter, mechanical coupling, or an equivalent
coupling (e.g., electronic controller, fluid clutches, hydraulic
drives);
(C) The braking mechanism is applied automatically when the
transmission is in the neutral position and a forward-reverse coupling
or shifting transmission is being used; and
(D) No belts are used between the power source and the winding
drum.
(c) Power source. The employers must power the hoist machine by an
air, electric, hydraulic, or internal-combustion drive mechanism.
(d) Constant-pressure control switch. The employers must:
(i) Equip the hoist machine with a hand- or foot-operated constant-
pressure control switch (i.e., a ``deadman control switch'') that stops
the hoist immediately upon release; and
(ii) Protect the control switch to prevent it from activating if
the hoist machine is struck by a falling or moving object.
(e) Line-speed indicator. The employers must:
(i) Equip the hoist machine with an operating line-speed indicator
maintained in good working order; and
(ii) Ensure that the line-speed indicator is in clear view of the
hoist operator during hoisting operations.
(f) Braking systems. The employers must equip the hoist machine
with two (2) independent braking systems (i.e., one automatic and one
manual) located on the winding side of the clutch or couplings, with
each braking system being capable of stopping and holding 150 percent
of the maximum rated load.
(g) Slack-rope switch. The employers must equip the hoist machine
with a slack-rope switch to prevent rotation of the winding drum under
slack-rope conditions.
(h) Frame. The employers must ensure that the frame of the hoist
machine is a self-supporting, rigid, welded-steel structure, and that
holding brackets for anchor lines and legs for anchor bolts are
integral components of the frame.
(i) Stability. The employers must secure hoist machines in position
to prevent movement, shifting, or dislodgement.
(j) Location. The employers must:
(i) Locate the hoist machine far enough from the footblock to
obtain the correct fleet angle for proper spooling of the cable on the
drum; and
(ii) Ensure that the fleet angle remains between one-half degree
(\1/2\ [deg]) and one and one-half degrees (1\1/2\ [deg]) for smooth
drums, and between one-half degree (\1/2\ [deg]) and two degrees (2
[deg])for grooved drums, with the lead sheave centered on the drum.\1\
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\1\ This variance adopts the definition of, and specifications
for, fleet angle from Cranes and Derricks, H. I. Shapiro, et al.
(eds.); New York: McGraw-Hill. Accordingly, the fleet angle is
``[t]he angle the rope leading onto a [winding] drum makes with the
line perpendicular to the drum rotating axis when the lead rope is
making a wrap against the flange.''
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(k) Drum and flange diameter. The employers must:
(i) Provide a winding drum for the hoist that is at least 30 times
the diameter of the rope used for hoisting; and
(ii) Ensure that the winding drum has a flange diameter that is at
least one and one-half (1\1/2\) times the winding-drum diameter.
(l) Spooling of the rope. The employers must never spool the rope
closer than two (2) inches (5.1 cm) from the outer edge of the winding-
drum flange.
(m) Electrical system. The employers must ensure that all
electrical equipment is weatherproof.
(n) Limit switches. The employers must equip the hoist system with
limit switches and related equipment that automatically prevent
overtravel of a personnel cage, personnel platform, boatswains' chair,
or material-transport device at the top of the supporting structure and
at the bottom of the hoistway or lowest landing level.
5. Methods of Operation
(a) Employee qualifications and training. The employers must:
(i) Ensure that only trained and experienced employees, who are
knowledgeable of hoist-system operations, control the hoist machine;
and
(ii) Provide instruction, periodically and as necessary, on how to
operate the hoist system, to each employee who uses a personnel cage
for transportation.
(b) Speed limitations. The employers must operate the hoist at or
below the following speeds:
(i) Two hundred and fifty (250) feet (76.9 m) per minute when a
personnel cage is being used to transport employees;
(ii) One hundred (100) feet (30.5 m) per minute when a personnel
platform or boatswains' chair is being used to transport employees; or
(iii) A line speed that is consistent with the design limitations
of the system when only material is being hoisted.
(c) Communication. The employers must:
(i) Use a voice-mediated intercommunication system to maintain
communication between the hoist operator and the employees located in
or on a moving personnel cage, personnel platform, or boatswains'
chair;
(ii) Stop hoisting if, for any reason, the communication system
fails to operate effectively; and
(iii) Resume hoisting only when the site superintendent determines
that it is safe to do so.
6. Hoist Rope
(a) Grade. The employers must use a wire rope for the hoist system
(i.e., ``hoist rope'') that consists of extra-improved plow steel, an
equivalent grade of non-rotating rope, or a regular lay rope with a
suitable swivel mechanism.
(b) Safety factor. The employers must maintain a safety factor of
at least eight (8) times the safe workload throughout the entire length
of hoist rope.
(c) Size. The employers must use a hoist rope that is at least one-
half (\1/2\) inch (1.3 cm) in diameter.
(d) Inspection, removal, and replacement. The employers must:
(i) Thoroughly inspect the hoist rope before the start of each job
and on completing a new setup;
(ii) Maintain the proper diameter-to-diameter ratios between the
hoist rope and the footblock and the sheave by inspecting the wire rope
regularly (see Conditions 7(c) and 8(d) below); and
(iii) Remove and replace the wire rope with new wire rope when any
of the conditions specified by Sec. 1926.552(a)(3) occurs.
(e) Attachments. The employers must attach the rope to a personnel
cage, personnel platform, or boatswains' chair with a keyed-screwpin
shackle or positive-locking link.
(f) Wire-rope fastenings. When the employers use clip fastenings
(e.g., U-bolt wire-rope clips) with wire ropes, they must:
(i) Use Table H-20 of Sec. 1926.251 to determine the number and
spacing of clips;
(ii) Use at least three (3) drop-forged clips at each fastening;
(iii) Install the clips with the ``U'' of the clips on the dead end
of the rope; and
(iv) Space the clips so that the distance between them is six (6)
times the diameter of the rope.
7. Footblock
(a) Type of block. The employers must use a footblock:
(i) Consisting of construction-type blocks of solid single-piece
bail with a safety factor that is at least four (4) times the safe
workload, or an equivalent block with roller bearings;
(ii) Designed for the applied loading, size, and type of wire rope
used for hoisting;
(iii) Designed with a guard that contains the wire rope within the
sheave groove;
(iv) Bolted rigidly to the base; and
(v) Designed and installed so that it turns the moving wire rope to
and from the horizontal or vertical as required by the direction of
rope travel.
(b) Directional change. The employers must ensure that the angle of
change in the hoist rope from the horizontal to the vertical direction
at the footblock is approximately 90 [deg].
(c) Diameter. The employers must ensure that the line diameter of
the footblock is at least 24 times the diameter of the hoist rope.
8. Cathead and Sheave
(a) Support. The employers must use a cathead (i.e., ``overhead
support'') that consists of a wide-flange beam or two (2) steel-channel
sections securely bolted back-to-back to prevent spreading.
(b) Installation. The employers must ensure that:
(i) All sheaves revolve on shafts that rotate on bearings; and
(ii) The bearings are mounted securely to maintain the proper
bearing position at all times.
(c) Rope guides. The employers must provide each sheave with
appropriate rope guides to prevent the hoist rope from leaving the
sheave grooves when the rope vibrates or swings abnormally.
(d) Diameter. The employers must use a sheave with a diameter that
is at least 24 times the diameter of the hoist rope.
9. Guide Ropes
(a) Number and construction. The employers must affix two (2) guide
ropes by swivels to the cathead. The guide ropes must:
(i) Consist of steel safety cables that are at least one-half (\1/
2\) inch (1.3 cm) in diameter; and
(ii) Be free of damage or defect at all times.
(b) Guide rope fastening and alignment tension. The employers must
fasten one end of each guide rope securely to the overhead support,
with appropriate tension applied at the foundation.
(c) Height. The employers must rig the guide ropes along the entire
height of the hoist-machine structure.
10. Personnel Cage
(a) Construction. A personnel cage must be of steel-frame
construction and capable of supporting a load that is four (4) times
its maximum rated load capacity. The employers also must ensure that
the personnel cage has:
(i) A top and sides that are permanently enclosed (except for the
entrance and exit);
(ii) A floor securely fastened in place;
(iii) Walls that consist of 14-gauge, one-half (\1/2\) inch (1.3
cm) expanded metal mesh, or an equivalent material;
(iv) Walls that cover the full height of the personnel cage between
the floor and the overhead covering;
(v) A sloped roof constructed of one-eighth (\1/8\) inch (0.3 cm)
aluminum, or an equivalent material; and
(vi) Safe handholds (e.g., rope grips--but not rails or hard
protrusions \2\) that accommodate each occupant.
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\2\ To reduce impact hazards should employees lose their balance
because of cage movement.
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(b) Overhead weight. A personnel cage must have an overhead weight
(e.g., a headache ball of appropriate weight) to compensate for the
weight of the hoist rope between the cathead and footblock. In
addition, the employers must:
(i) Ensure that the overhead weight is capable of preventing line
run; and
(ii) Use a means to restrain the movement of the overhead weight so
that the weight does not interfere with safe personnel hoisting.
(c) Gate. The personnel cage must have a gate that:
(i) Guards the full height of the entrance opening; and
(ii) Has a functioning mechanical lock that prevents accidental
opening.
(d) Operating procedures. The employers must post the procedures
for operating the personnel cage conspicuously at the hoist operator's
station.
(e) Capacity. The employers must:
(i) Hoist no more than four (4) occupants in the cage at any one
time; and
(ii) Ensure that the rated load capacity of the cage is at least
250 pounds (113.4 kg) for each occupant so hoisted.
(f) Employee notification. The employers must post a sign in each
personnel cage notifying employees of the following conditions:
(i) The standard rated load, as determined by the initial static
drop test specified by Condition 10(g) (``Static drop tests'') below;
and
(ii) The reduced rated load for the specific job.
(g) Static drop tests. The employers must:
(i) Conduct static drop tests of each personnel cage, and these
tests must comply with the definition of ``static drop test'' specified
by section 3 (``Definitions'') and the static drop-test procedures
provided in section 13 (``Inspections and Tests'') of American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) standard A10.22-1990 (R1998) (``American
National Standard for Rope-Guided and Nonguided Worker's Hoists--Safety
Requirements'');
(ii) Perform the initial static drop test at 125 percent of the
maximum rated load of the personnel cage, and subsequent drop tests at
no less than 100 percent of its maximum rated load; and
(iii) Use a personnel cage for raising or lowering employees only
when no damage occurred to the components of the cage as a result of
the static drop tests.
11. Safety Clamps
(a) Fit to the guide ropes. The employers must:
(i) Fit appropriately designed and constructed safety clamps to the
guide ropes; and
(ii) Ensure that the safety clamps do not damage the guide ropes
when in use.
(b) Attach to the personnel cage. The employers must attach safety
clamps to each personnel cage for gripping the guide ropes.
(c) Operation. The safety clamps attached to the personnel cage
must:
(i) Operate on the ``broken rope principle'' defined in section 3
(``Definitions'') of ANSI standard A10.22-1990 (R1998);
(ii) Be capable of stopping and holding a personnel cage that is
carrying 100 percent of its maximum rated load and traveling at its
maximum allowable speed if the hoist rope breaks at the footblock; and
(iii) Use a pre-determined and pre-set clamping force (i.e., the
``spring compression force'') for each hoist system.
(d) Maintenance. The employers must keep each safety-clamp assembly
clean and functional at all times.
12. Overhead Protection
(a) The employers must install a canopy or shield over the top of
the personnel cage that is made of steel plate at least three-
sixteenths (\3/16\) of an inch (4.763 mm) thick, or material of
equivalent strength and impact resistance, to protect employees (i.e.,
both inside and outside the chimney) from material and debris that may
fall from above.
(b) The employers must ensure that the canopy or shield slopes to
the outside of the personnel cage.\3\
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\3\ Paragraphs (a) and (b) were adapted from OSHA's Underground
Construction Standard (Sec. 1926.800(t)(4)(iv)).
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13. Emergency-Escape Device
(a) Location. The employers must provide an emergency-escape device
in at least one of the following locations:
(i) In the personnel cage, provided that the device is long enough
to reach the bottom landing from the highest possible escape point; or
(ii) At the bottom landing, provided that a means is available in
the personnel cage for the occupants to raise the device to the highest
possible escape point.
(b) Operating instructions. The employers must ensure that written
instructions for operating the emergency-escape device are attached to
the device.
(c) Training. The employers must instruct each employee who uses a
personnel cage for transportation on how to operate the emergency-
escape device:
(i) Before the employee uses a personnel cage for transportation;
and
(ii) Periodically, and as necessary, thereafter.
14. Personnel Platforms and Fall-Protection Equipment
(a) Personnel platforms. When the employers elect to replace the
personnel cage with a personnel platform in accordance with Condition
2(a) of this variance, they must:
(i) Ensure that an enclosure surrounds the platform, and that this
enclosure is at least 42 inches (106.7 cm) above the platform's floor;
(ii) Provide overhead protection when an overhead hazard is, or
could be, present; and
(iii) Comply with the applicable scaffolding strength requirements
specified by Sec. 1926.451(a)(1).
(b) Fall-protection equipment. Before employees use work platforms
or boatswains' chairs, the employers must:
(i) Equip the employees with, and ensure that they use, full body
harnesses, lanyards, and lifelines as specified by Sec. 1926.104 and
the applicable requirements of Sec. 1926.502(d);
(ii) Secure the lifelines to the top of the chimney and to a weight
at the bottom of the chimney; and
(iii) Ensure that employees attach their lanyards to the lifeline
during the entire period of vertical transit.
15. Inspections, Tests, and Accident Prevention
(a) The employers must:
(i) Conduct inspections of the hoist system as required by Sec.
1926.20(b)(2);
(ii) Ensure that a competent person conducts daily visual
inspections of the hoist system; and
(iii) Inspect and test the hoist system as specified by Sec.
1926.552(c)(15).
(b) The employers must comply with the accident-prevention
requirements of Sec. 1926.20(b)(3).
16. Welding
(a) The employers must use only qualified welders to weld
components of the hoisting system.
(b) The employers must ensure that the qualified welders:
(i) Are familiar with the weld grades, types, and materials
specified in the design of the system; and
(ii) Perform the welding tasks in accordance with 29 CFR part 1926,
subpart J (``Welding and Cutting'').
VII. Authority and Signature
Jonathan L. Snare, Acting Assistant Secretary of Labor for
Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, 200
Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, DC directed the preparation of this
notice. This notice is issued under the authority specified by section
6(d) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 655),
Secretary of Labor's Order No. 5-2002 (67 FR 65008), and 29 CFR part
1905.
Signed at Washington, DC, on November 28, 2005.
Jonathan L. Snare,
Acting Assistant Secretary of Labor.
[FR Doc. E5-6883 Filed 12-5-05; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4510-26-P
